Hydrological responses to ENSO variability across Peruvian catchments

The study analyses ENSO-driven streamflow responses in 44 Peruvian catchments over 1981–2024, combining observations and hydrological simulations in a multiscale framework covering seasonal regimes, anomaly patterns and teleconnections with several climate indices. Results reveal a differentiated regional structure: the northern Pacific coast shows positive associations with eastern Pacific indices, while Andean–Amazonian regions show negative relationships with central Pacific indices. The findings are relevant for hydrological monitoring and forecasting in Peru and South America.