Agri-Food Certifications in Latin America: Drivers of Accountability or Gateways to Fraud and Corruption?

Article analyzing agri-food certifications in Latin America and proposing a bifocal model: when standards are perceived as legitimate, they promote accountability and oversight; when they are costly or out of step with local realities, they can encourage resistance, simulated compliance, and corrupt practices. It concludes that more participatory and culturally sensitive standards are needed to achieve successful sustainability outcomes.