Dairy cows on integrated livestock-forestry system in the tropics

This study evaluated how different shade levels (restricted, moderate, and intense) affect the behavior of crossbred dairy cows in silvopastoral systems with Massai grass and eucalyptus trees in Brazil. Results showed that moderate and intense shade improved microclimatic conditions and increased grazing activity, especially in the morning. In contrast, restricted shade led to more idle behavior due to higher solar radiation. It is concluded that providing at least moderate shade in pastures helps reduce heat stress and supports better animal welfare.