What factors influence participation in payment for ecosystem services programs? An evaluation of Ecuador's SocioPáramo program

PES programs are often hailed as a dual solution for conservation and poverty alleviation in rural areas. However, their effectiveness depends on how accessible and attractive they are to rural communities and smallholders. Research on the factors influencing PES participation remains limited, but crucial for improving social equity outcomes. This paper assesses the facilitators and barriers to participation in Ecuador's SocioPáramo program, which targets highland Andean grasslands. Through interviews with participants and non-participants, we found that while SocioPáramo attracts rural farmers, certain factors like land tenure requirements and financial capital favor larger landowners.