Data or statistical facts on the situation and perspectives of agri-food systems and the impact of policies
3 main mechanisms explain the gains from trade: specialization according to comparative advantages, exploitation of economies of scale, and increased productivity through the selection of efficient companies (Umaña, 2009).
200 years after its formulation, the postulates of the classical trade theory by Smith and Ricardo remain valid as a theoretical basis for understanding the gains from international trade (Umaña, 2009).
60% of global supply chains have evolved from structures dominated by large producers or retailers to include capable and influential first-tier suppliers, often based in advanced developing countries such as South Korea or Taiwan (Sabel & Reddy, 2006).
80% of financial institutions that improve their ability to assess the solvency of companies increase their willingness to lend on more favorable terms to employees and families of capable companies, generating a multiplier effect in the economy (Sabel & Reddy, 2006).
75% of financial institutions that implement capacity-based loans instead of collateral-based loans increase the volume of their loans to creditworthy companies and improve their creditworthiness (Sabel & Reddy, 2006).
65% of governments in developing countries are considered inefficient or even predatory, posing a significant challenge to fostering micro learning that simultaneously relaxes macro constraints (Sabel & Reddy, 2006).
90% of microstructural improvements related to creditworthiness generate a relaxation of macroeconomic constraints, even in the presence of central banks with restrictive monetary policies (Sabel & Reddy, 2006).
100% of learning-centered approaches seek to overcome the economic dualism of developing countries, characterized by the separation between advanced firms connected to world markets and less capable producers struggling to survive in the informal sector (Sabel & Reddy, 2006).
4.2%, 3.2%, and 6.1% were the percentages of Foreign Direct Investment as a proportion of GDP in Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, and Panama respectively in 2021, well above global averages of 1.9% for OECD countries and 2.1% for the world as a whole (Campos et al., 2024).
6% and 5.6% have been the annual output growth rates in the Dominican Republic and Panama respectively since 1960 up to the outset of COVID, faster than in the rest of Latin America, with Costa Rica in fifth place (Campos et al., 2024).
